The Crossroad Of Christian Sin Versus Moral Vice - 2063 Words

The Crossroad of Christian Sin Versus Moral Vice One is not wicked solely on the basis that they perform wicked acts, just as one who sins is not always a sinner. Sin covers a wide range of behaviors; but if these behaviors become habits are they still sins? Augustine seemed to believe that sins, whether small or large, are committed when man turns away from God. Similar to sin, Aristotle frequented the discussion on vice, a state of excess or deficiency, with virtue being the middle ground. As he said, â€Å"We assume, then, that virtue is the sort of state that does the best actions concerning pleasures and pains, and that vice is the contrary state† (Irwin, p. 21, lines 28-29). He taught moral vice as different from vice, and having a direct correlation with incontinence. A type of incontinence is the exorbitant desire for bodily pleasures, such as sex. This form of incontinence is explored by Dante in Inferno and Purgatorio, Chaucer in Canterbury Tales, and Augustine in hi s Confessions in the form of lust, a topic that will be later expanded on. Incontinence is a lack of self-control, something man either has a predisposing for or not; to be incontinent is not a choice. This is where the disparity and intersection between moral vice and the Christian sin present themselves. Through the works and teachings of Aristotle, Plato, Augustine, Dante Alighieri, and Geoffrey Chaucer the definitions and acts of both Christian sin and moral vice are explored in an attempt toShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Pr inter/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other

Marco Polo Comparison Essay - 1546 Words

The prolific writings of both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta give accounts of early world travel and exploration during the middle ages, these two explorers’ managed to travel the length of the Eurasian empire, while creating written accounts of their adventure. When comparing these two individual writings on their travels and perception of cultures, religion and trade also their reasons for travel it is imperative that we acknowledge that these two individuals came from very different back rounds Polo a Christian and Battuta a Muslim. Thus their accounts and view points maybe very different in retrospect to one another due to a religious, and cultural bias when exploring these areas. In order to understand these two travelers it†¦show more content†¦Polo’s view on this was made clear when he states that the kings was so â€Å"Lecherous that I assure you that he has fully 300 wives†5. It is important to note the language used in the second quote which shows how he felt about this king’s indulgement as lewdness and lust in a way regarded as distasteful. This was with out a shock to polo who came from a Christian back round where such an act was considered unacceptable and blasphemous. Ibn Battuta also mentions slaves in the text many times through his travels; his view of slave trade contradicts that of Polo’s. This is evident when Battuta was given his first â€Å"hospitality Gift†6 of a young male in Turkey, where he also bought and sold slaves. This comparison is in sharp contrast to Polo’s view on slavery for trade where Battuta seemed to accept this as normal practice within his culture and even seemed it fit to deem it as a gift. This comparison shows how cultures within the middle ages held very different beliefs and guild lines for individuals of various ideologies, what interested and was seen as acceptable practice of slave trade for Battuta, was on the other hand very shocking to Polo. A comparison of the travels of both Battuta and Polo show that both men came in contact with great leaders of Eurasia which shaped their travels and lead them to seek control and obtain control over the Mongolian empire now known as China inShow MoreRelatedExplorers And Voyagers Written Presentation972 Words   |  4 Pagesemploys the technique of classical comparison in order to help its readers understand the events in the court of the great Khans at Karakorum. However, despite the great achievements in his work, Rubruck is far less a figure of study in modern day academic study. But this should not be the case. Comparison with his contemporaries and analysing historiographical trends, is going to prove the Rubruck is far a more reliable source than that of Longjumeau, Carpine and Marco Polo, and should be treated as suchRead MoreThe Impact of Expectations Upon Marco Polo and Hernan Cortes2059 Words   |  9 Pages Human history is filled with the names of bold explorers who ventured into the great unknown, only to come out basked in glory as some of the great heroes of their day. Among the grandest are Marco Polo, who provided little known information about the Far East to Europeans, and Hernan Cortes, the great Spanish conquistador who is given credit for the defeat of the Mexica Empire. These two famous explorers are also ideal case studies to analyze the influence of expectations, interestsRead Morepersuasive message777 Words   |  4 Pagesyear, I believe it would behoove us create our new device and let the public know that it’s coming and it’s going to be amazing! The Iphone 6 has made such a tremendous effect this year but the applications and capabilities of the 7 will hold no comparison. I have attached a video that will demonstrate what we at Apple have been working on for the new 7, and detail all its fascinating features. I see no reason why the product would fail since Apple still led the market with 40.6% market shares last Read MoreEntrepreneurship Is An Integral Part Of Our Economy1765 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestors for startup capital, and this has always been this way. In the thirteenth century, Marco Polo, the famous explorer, wanted to trade with Asia, but wasn’t sure how to get the materials he wanted to trade there, so he asked financiers in Venice to let him use their money with the promise that he would then return their money and share his profits with them. This idea of investment and return made Marco Polo one of the first known entrepreneurs whose ideas of business spread throughout Europe andRead MoreEntrepreneurship Is An Integral Part Of Our Economy1758 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestors for startup capital, and this has always been this way. In the thirteenth century Marco Polo, the famous explorer, wanted to trade with Asia but wasn’t sure how to get the materials he wanted to trade there, so he asked financiers in Venice to let him use their money with the promise that h e would then return their money and share his profits with them. This idea of investment and return made Marco Polo one of the first known entrepreneurs whose ideas of business spread throughout Europe andRead MoreWhy did the Great Divergence Occur1384 Words   |  6 Pagescurrency and the printing of literature. China also saw the innovation of printing by paving the way towards other inventions such as wallpaper, tissue paper, toilet paper and certain articles of clothing. Many of these inventions were recognised by Marco Polo, who spread the innovations in Europe. These items, along with tea, silk, and porcelain, were some of the vast array of inventions supplied by China, showcasing it as a prime country of innovation prior to the Great Divergence. Moreover, tracesRead MoreHotel Thesis6924 Words   |  28 PagesEmployed / Member State 20000 16000 12000 8000 4000 0 04 01 99 00 02 03 20 05 20 20 Year EU27 EU25 19 20 20 Year Czeck Republic Spain United Kingdom Germany France Source: Eurostat.eu 2008 Also, in comparison to the USA and Japan, the European Hotels and restaurant sector has experienced the highest growth in terms of employment in the recent years. Within Europe; the UK, Spain, and Germany are the most important member states regarding employment inRead MoreComponents Of A Computer Based Information System1455 Words   |  6 Pagessee how their health systems compare with the American system (the US is the only developed nation on earth without universal health care). He visited doctors, hospitals, and health ministries. In a TV interview on ABC, Reid was described as a â€Å"Marco Polo† looking at health care around the world. Reid said he set out on his global reporting journey to answer a simple question: â€Å"How come the other advanced industrialized free market countries offer universal health care at half the cost? â€Å"He thenRead MoreThe Elastic War Machine : The Revolutionary War1647 Words   |  7 Pages the horses themselves should be of note to any who thinks of a tall, sleek, Arabian stallion flying across the steppe. What is now the domestic horse, is not what the Mongols rode. The horses of the Asian steppe were short legged and stocky in comparison to today’s horses. They were strong, agile, and could cover longer distances, and traverse more rugged terrain than European horses. In form they would look closer to a donkey or a large version of the modern â€Å"miniature horse.† The horse isn’tRead MoreThe Spread and Localization of Buddhism and Islam into Southeast Asia1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmerchants as Sufis brought about the localization of Islamic organisations for Islamic teachings which would appeal to locals and their rulers for valuable networks (Johnston 2002, 291). This presence of Islam was recorded by Moroccan traveller Marco Polo in the late 13th century which indicated the advancement of Islam localisation where citizens of Perlak, Sumatra and the Pasai king, Sultan Al-Malikus Saleh were already converted as Muslims (Mutalib 2008, 5). Similar to the spread of Buddhism

Was female rule unacceptable in early modern Europe Free Essays

This narrative will be investigating the political and royal policies of early modern Europe and it’s reasoning behind preferring (and insisting) that only male royal blood lines should maintain the throne. I shall be researching how Queen Elizabeth 1st was able to take the throne as a single female, as well as (despite never being able to take the throne herself) the years that her sons ruled is now known as the ‘age of Catherine De Medici’. It will be necessary to look at religious opinions and political laws, as well as literary opinions from the 16th and early 17th century (in some cases earlier) across early modern Europe, England and Scotland, regarding women and their place in society and how that relates to women in positions of power Early modern Europe was segregated by extreme religious fault lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Was female rule unacceptable in early modern Europe? or any similar topic only for you Order Now With England, Scotland, Germany, The Netherlands and France fighting (both politically and literally) for superioty of their chosen religion, these were; Calvinism, Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, with a small minority of Anglican followers also. The majority of Spain, Portugal and Italy remained virtually wholly Roman Catholic, which lead to many wars and disputes with bordering nations. The Royal policy of the time was to use marriage to cement literal boarders between neighbouring countries in an effort to create great nations, and also to make intangible connections that cemented power between nations creating beneficial alliances. Political and social opinion of women at the time was largely due to the writings of St. Paul in the New Testament regarding Adam and Eve, and how Eve carried out the first human sin, disobeyed God and tempted Adam with the apple. This therefore made Eve responsible for the fall of mankind, and left women being seen as the source of all evil and sin. Coupling this with Aristotle’s premise that a woman was an inferior version of the perfect male form, meant that the opinion of women was not something to be fought against, it was simply irrefutable fact. Because of this, religious political and social opinion of women in early modern Europe, women were only seen as valuable for their usefulness in connecting families through marriage or continuing family legacies through childbirth. Therefore families could effectively marry their daughters off like chattel. Women in early modern Europe were seen as feeble and weak minded, unable to be decision makers, and think for themselves. They (women) by religious opinion were created by God for man. Therefore giving man the right to rule them. As Martin Luther put so plainly; ‘Women are created for no other purpose than to serve men and be their helpers. If women grow weary or even die while bearing children, that doesn’t harm anything. Let them bear children to death; they are created for that. ‘ Even women in positions of power were aware that they were not comparable to men. As Queen Elizabeth recognised, ‘I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King’1 Queen Elizabeth the first, was arguably one of the most famous female rulers in our history, yet her road to power was a difficult one. Elizabeth’s rule while she was alive, and even after her death, has been shadowed by questions regarding the legitamacy of her right to the throne. The Catholic populace never fully accepted her, as her father Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to divorce his first wife: Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth’s mother). However Henry VIII and Catherine (his first wife) had a daughter Mary, Henry VIII went on to have Elizabeth with his second wife and a son: Edward with Jane Seymour his 3rd wife, and despite Catholic beliefs regarding divorce, (which made Elizabeth illegitimate, but not Mary or Edward) the only surety was that Henry’s male heir was going to take the throne first. After Edward took the crown Mary was to follow closely succeeded by Elizabeth. The only other candidate that could possibly take a rightful place over Elizabeth was Mary Stuart, who was currently Queen of Scotland and Queen of France (by marriage), and with the ever looming threat of a two-pronged assault on England by the French and the Scottish, Elizabeth became the necessary and logical choice as the English people were at the time seen to be more ‘nationalistic than catholic’ (and an exceptional ruler she went on to be), managing to influence both Roman Catholic’s and Protestant’s into a compromise, which arguably stopped England from falling into a religious war, as was the case in France. But it also conveyed to her public that she was able to accept both faiths and allow them to coexist in the efforts of peace, a feat that had not been accomplished so logically or peacefully by her male predecessor’s. France was plagued by its own political difficulties and religious disputes, and having a female singularly ruling was intolerable to them, and with the medieval ‘Salic Law’ still in force (of which some of its policies are still in use today) the French were able to regulate who took to the throne and who maintained power. Salic law was clear, however; it decreed a purely French solution. (Elsewhere, in countries where Salic law did not apply – Scotland, England, Spain†¦ women undoubtedly had the right to succeed to the crown, although their rights in other areas were very limited. )2 As Queen Elizabeth found herself when trying to deal with her Generals and war strategists, many of whom ignored her input refusing to consider that she would have any useful insights into battle planning. Salic law was particularly relevant to Catherine De Medici, as it kept her from the throne after the death of her husband. Catherine then put her sons on throne, where she was virtually able to rule by defacto for many years, due to her sheer iron will and the strong maternal hold she had over her sons – even when her son Francis II died, his wife Queen Mary (Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots) fled back to Scotland rather than be dominated by her mother-in-law. Even with Queen Elizabeth being in power in England, and Catherine De Medici’s virtual rule in France there were still many who felt that female rule was unlawful. But this started a debate in the early 16th century as to whether female’s born of Royal blood and extensively educated were able to overcome the short fallings of their gender. Were Queen Elizabeth and her sister Queen Mary, as well as Mary Queen of Scots and Catherine De Medici able to break these notions and change history? To conclude as to whether women were acceptable Queens able to fully rule, the answer is clearly no. Female rule in early modern Europe was unacceptable. Men did see women as more feeble, both physically and mentally, and assumed that they were automatically superior. Women were nothing more than the child bearers, a point exemplified by marriages that were able to be absolved if no children were born (regardless of religion). It would appear that one of the factors of fearing female rule would be felt by the current King preparing to hand power to his daughter, the King (from any nation) would be aware that opinion of females was poor, and that the new ‘queen’ would need to take a husband to guide and assist her. Which then leads to the question of whom should marry the future queen? Her right to power would automatically revert to her husband – very probably a Prince or King from another nation, which would leave the current King to foresee the fall of his Kingdom to a foreign land. France kept with the extremely old salic law, that was first made policy in medieval time’s to make sure that only males of French blood from royal lines could ascend to the throne. But it would seem as was the case across Europe and England that Salic law, and English/Catholic opinion and preference on female rule only counted if it suited. If the alternative ruler was unpalatable (for instance Mary Queen of Scots) then the nobles and governments would find alternative methods to crown their ruler of choice. The debate of female rule was never about what was best for France, England or whomever, but quite plainly about those in power keeping that position for as long as possible at whatever the cost. Historic and modern literature written about Queen Elizabeth I, Catherine De Medici, Queen Mary I and Mary Queen of Scots can paint a picture of a very manipulative, autocratic and sometimes capricious class of Queen, but with the severe adversities they faced I feel that as independents they were utilizing their femininity, as well as their individual strong wills and education to keep a firm control. These famous rulers from our history did bring about change, and they forever altered the face of Royalty as well as assisting (even if only selectively) the view of women across the world. How to cite Was female rule unacceptable in early modern Europe?, Papers