“Carpet Weavers Morrocco” by Carol Rumens Essay

Treatment of Rituximab in Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients

Treatment of Rituximab in Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients Section 3: Clinical Research 2 Presentation Pemphigus is the name of a gathering of hazardous rankling ailments of the skin and mucous layers. The base of treatment for this illness is corticosteroids; nonetheless, as of late, new medications, for example, rituximab, have been confirmed for progressively serious types of it. In the creators beforehand unpublished examination, the impact of rituximab on variety in the research center records of pemphigus vulgaris patients is tended to. After examination of the documents of pemphigus patients who got rituximab in Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2008 to 2013, 39 patients were gone into the investigation. All patients had lab sheets containing CR (creatinine), urea, ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), Plt (platelet), Hgb (hemoglobin), and WBC (white platelet) when getting rituximab. The patients got rituximab multiple times at a measurements of 500 mg in 4 progressive weeks. The lab results before getting the main portion of rituximab were contrasted with the outcomes in the wake of accepting treatment. The impact of rituximab on the variety in lab files with the alteration impact old enough, sexual orientation, illness length, destinations of association, got abuts, and the foundation ailment were additionally explored. In the underlying examination, rituximab just significantly affected urea decrease. In the CellCept ® (mycophenolate mofetil) getting subgroup, the blended utilization of rituximab prompted a critical decrease in WBC. In the subgroup having foundation illness, rituximab had a factually noteworthy effect on platelet decrease. In the subgroup having no foundation sickness, rituximab had a factually critical impact on urea decrease. The lab records were appeared to have no huge relationship with age and illness length. Therefore, it very well may be anticipated that sickness length and age would have no impact in the connection among rituximab and lab lists varieties. Despite the fact that in defined single-variable examination for changing the impact of different factors (inclusion destinations and got appends) on the connection of rituximab and lab files, a portion of these factors indicated collaborating impacts with rituximab on the varieties of lab files. In any case, because of the low volume of test and non-typical circulation of the greater part of these factors, it was difficult to do multivariable examination for examination of their autonomous and intelligent impacts on varieties of lab files in a coordinated way, in this manner, we can not offer certain remarks about their connections. Section 1 Pemphigus is the name of a gathering of perilous rankling illnesses that have trademark acantholysis prompting arrangement of intraepithelial rankles in bodily fluid and skin [1]. The acantholysis procedure is actuated through connections of streaming autoantibodies to bond particles in the cells [2]. Patients with pemphigus have mucosal disintegrations, rankles, papules, and cutaneous disintegrations. The various sorts of pemphigus will be pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, immunoglobulin An (IgA) pemphigus, and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Various kinds of pemphigus are separated by clinical manifestations, related autoantigens, and histological techniques. Pemphigus vulgaris has mucosal and mucocutaneous inclusion. The rankles are acantholytic and suprabasal. The autoantibodies answerable for the sickness are against desmoglein (DSG) 1 or both desmoglein 3 and 1. Pemphigus foliaceus just includes the skin. The rankles are acantholytic and subcorneal. The dependable autoantibodies are against desmoglein 1. IgA pemphigus has the type of gathered erythematous outside layers, papules, and vesicle culls. Rankles can be subcorneal or intraepithelial and acantholytic. The mindful autoantibodies are against desmocollin (DSC) 1 [3]. Paraneoplastic pemphigus includes tremendous and safe stomatite alongside various cutaneous discoveries. The mindful autoantibodies are against desmoplakin (DSP) or other desmosomal antigens. Pemphigus vulgaris is the most widely recognized sort of pemphigus, yet is still exceptionally uncommon. The possibility of its event is between 0.1 to 0.5 per 100,000 individuals [4]. Pemphigus frequently occurs among grown-ups and the normal period of beginning is 40 to 60 years of age. It is exceptionally uncommon among kids [5,6]. Its commonness is nearly the equivalent in the 2 genders [7]. Practically all the pemphigus vulgaris patients have mucosal contribution. The mouth is the most widely recognized site of inclusion and is frequently the principal site of association. Other mucosal layers, for example, conjunctivae, nose, throat, vulva, vagina, cervix and butt are once in a while included [8]. As mucosal rankles are delicate and blasted effectively, in clinical assessment it is hard to track down flawless rankles, and rather the inspector will in general find mucosal disintegrations. Buccal and palatal mucosa are the most widely recognized locales of rankle association in the mouth cavity [9]. Mucosal association can be agonizing. This agony frequently increments by biting and gulping, which can bring about inappropriate sustenance and weight decrease. The vast majority of the patients additionally have cutaneous association showing up as delicate rankles in solid skin or erythematosus. The rankles effectively break, bringing about excruciating disintegrations. Pemphigus vulgaris once in a while causes pruritis. Practically any piece of body skin can be included, yet the palmar parts of the foot and hands are once in a while included. The Nikolsky sign is regularly seen among these patients (mechanical weight on the sound skin brings about rankling). Pemphigus is analyzed dependent on the clinical, histological, immuno-neurotic manifestations and research facility discoveries. Indeed, even in situations where the clinical side effects are seriously supporting pemphigus, research facility examination is as yet expected to affirm the determination, as different maladies may have similar side effects. The primary line of treatment of pemphigus is fundamental corticosteroids, and expansion of adjuvants may likewise be required. Patients who don't react to the principal line of treatment may require extra intercessions. In such patients, cyclophosphamides, rituximab, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis might be useful. Beginning treatment of pemphigus vulgaris is fundamental glucocorticoid, which is regularly applied in blend with other non-steroidal immunosuppressants, for example, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil. Pemphigus impervious to treatment is a sort of pemphigus that doesn't react to the previously mentioned medications. Pemphigus is an interminable sickness that necessities long haul treatment. A review study was directed during 1982-1993 on 40 patients [8]. Overall, these patients accomplished total reduction after 7.7 years; 25% had abatement following 2 years; half following 5 years; and 75% following 10 years [8]. Most pemphigus vulgaris patients react to starting medicines [9]. The initial phase, in the patients who don't react to beginning treatment, is expanding the measurements of foundational corticosteroids (1.5-2 mg/kg of prednisolone every day) or adjuvant medication. The adjuvant medication can likewise be changed (changing azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil). In safe cases, cyclophosphamides, rituximab, IVIG, and plasmapheresis could likewise be utilized. As pemphigus is an auto-safe illness brought about via autoantibodies, medicines that lessen B cells are explored [10-13]. Rituximab is a monoclonal immunizer that objectives CD20, situated on B-lymphocytes, as its antigen. This medication has been appeared to effectsly affect pemphigus medicines [13,14]. In a multicenter study directed on 14 pemphigus vulgaris patients and 7 pemphigus foliaceus patients, the two gatherings were impervious to foundational glucocorticoids and encountered a few backslides during glucocorticoid tightening. They were then put on 1 pattern of rituximab with a week by week measurements of 275 mg/m2 for about a month, and this expansion demonstrated profitable [15]. Albeit, serious diseases were accounted for in the patients under rituximab treatment, its impact on danger of contamination isn't clear, as different immunosuppressants were additionally simultaneously utilized. Responses during infusion are among the most widely recognized reactions of rituxim ab. Profound vein apoplexy (DVT), aspiratory embolism, long haul hypogammaglobulinemia, and neutropenia were likewise regular among the patients under rituximab treatment. With respect to fantastic effect of this medication on treatment of safe pemphigus, and furthermore on different infections, for example, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), vasculitis, lymphocytic leukemia, fundamental lupus erythematosus (SLE), we chose to assess the impacts of this medication on the variety of lab parameters, for example, white platelet (WBC), Hemoglobin (Hg), platelet (Plt), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine (CR). Up until this point, no examination has been led on examination of these varieties due to getting rituximab. Goals AND HYPOTHESES Significant Objective Examination of research facility varieties after infusion of rituximab in pemphigus vulgaris patients. Minor goals of the undertaking: Assurance of rituximab sway on research facility lists Assurance of rituximab sway on research facility lists by modifying for the impact old enough Assurance of rituximab sway on research facility lists by modifying for the impact of sexual orientation Assurance of rituximab sway on research facility lists by modifying for the impact of other treatment techniques Assurance of rituximab sway on research facility lists by modifying for the impact of malady span Assurance of rituximab sway on research facility records by altering for the impact of ailment included destinations Assurance of rituximab sway on research facility records by modifying for the impact of Underlying malady Application goals: Improvement of wellbeing level among pemphigus vulgaris patients and focusing on research facility impact of patients after rituximab utilization. Research questions or speculations: Rituximab influences the

Dorm Life Hacks

Dorm Life Hacks TOP 8 Dorm Room Hacks that Will Save Your Life Home›Tips for Students›TOP 8 Dorm Room Hacks that Will Save Your Life Tips for StudentsDorm Life HacksMoving away from your parents’ home into a dorm room is the first milestone of your adult life. Though exciting it is, it also comes with a lot of stress because living in a dorm means a lot of surprises and unpredictable situations.To be able to adapt to a new life quickly and get the most out of this experience, check out these 8 dorm room hacks:1. Store under your bedDorm rooms are usually small, so you should take the advantage of every storage space. The spot under your bed is perfect for boxes and baskets, which you can use for anything you need to keep away. If you can raise your bed, you’ll be able to fit even bigger objects underneath.2. Binder clips for wiresStudents have a lot of devices and usually those come with wires or chargers. These cords have a tendency to get tangled and clutter the space, but you can solve t his problem with binder clips. They will make all wires neat and quickly accessible.3. Tag the cordsContinuing the topic of cords, it’s really annoying when you accidentally turn off a wrong appliance. To avoid this, put tags on each cord in a power strip. It can also be useful if you and your roommate have the same kind of chargers.4. Freshen the roomUsing candles in dorm rooms is forbidden and air fresheners are usually expensive. However, you can make your room smell fresh by putting dry washed sheets on the fan. The smell of your washing powder and softener will quickly fill the room.5. Cool the roomAnother fan trick is useful for those hot summer days when a simple fan only makes the matters worse. Put a bottle with frozen water in front of it and you’ll increase the flow of cold air tremendously. This simple tip will save you and your roommates even on the hottest day.6. Stock clothes verticallyDrawers can turn into a mess in a blink of an eye, and you need to go through e verything to find the right thing on the bottom. To avoid this, place clothes vertically. After having done this, you’ll clearly see everything that a drawer contains and will find the right thing easily.7. Use a pool noodleThe gap between your bed and the wall can become a real black hole when you start dropping things in it. It’s always annoying to try to fish stuff out, so protect the space with a pool noodle. It costs almost nothing but will save you from a lot of pain.8. Use bath caddies…but not in the shower. To avoid clutter in your desk and create more storage space, use them above your desk. If you feel like they belong only to the shower, decorate them to hide their true nature.We hope these simple life hacks will make your life in a dorm room easier and more organized.

The Crossroad Of Christian Sin Versus Moral Vice - 2063 Words

The Crossroad of Christian Sin Versus Moral Vice One is not wicked solely on the basis that they perform wicked acts, just as one who sins is not always a sinner. Sin covers a wide range of behaviors; but if these behaviors become habits are they still sins? Augustine seemed to believe that sins, whether small or large, are committed when man turns away from God. Similar to sin, Aristotle frequented the discussion on vice, a state of excess or deficiency, with virtue being the middle ground. As he said, â€Å"We assume, then, that virtue is the sort of state that does the best actions concerning pleasures and pains, and that vice is the contrary state† (Irwin, p. 21, lines 28-29). He taught moral vice as different from vice, and having a direct correlation with incontinence. A type of incontinence is the exorbitant desire for bodily pleasures, such as sex. This form of incontinence is explored by Dante in Inferno and Purgatorio, Chaucer in Canterbury Tales, and Augustine in hi s Confessions in the form of lust, a topic that will be later expanded on. Incontinence is a lack of self-control, something man either has a predisposing for or not; to be incontinent is not a choice. This is where the disparity and intersection between moral vice and the Christian sin present themselves. Through the works and teachings of Aristotle, Plato, Augustine, Dante Alighieri, and Geoffrey Chaucer the definitions and acts of both Christian sin and moral vice are explored in an attempt toShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Pr inter/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other

Marco Polo Comparison Essay - 1546 Words

The prolific writings of both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta give accounts of early world travel and exploration during the middle ages, these two explorers’ managed to travel the length of the Eurasian empire, while creating written accounts of their adventure. When comparing these two individual writings on their travels and perception of cultures, religion and trade also their reasons for travel it is imperative that we acknowledge that these two individuals came from very different back rounds Polo a Christian and Battuta a Muslim. Thus their accounts and view points maybe very different in retrospect to one another due to a religious, and cultural bias when exploring these areas. In order to understand these two travelers it†¦show more content†¦Polo’s view on this was made clear when he states that the kings was so â€Å"Lecherous that I assure you that he has fully 300 wives†5. It is important to note the language used in the second quote which shows how he felt about this king’s indulgement as lewdness and lust in a way regarded as distasteful. This was with out a shock to polo who came from a Christian back round where such an act was considered unacceptable and blasphemous. Ibn Battuta also mentions slaves in the text many times through his travels; his view of slave trade contradicts that of Polo’s. This is evident when Battuta was given his first â€Å"hospitality Gift†6 of a young male in Turkey, where he also bought and sold slaves. This comparison is in sharp contrast to Polo’s view on slavery for trade where Battuta seemed to accept this as normal practice within his culture and even seemed it fit to deem it as a gift. This comparison shows how cultures within the middle ages held very different beliefs and guild lines for individuals of various ideologies, what interested and was seen as acceptable practice of slave trade for Battuta, was on the other hand very shocking to Polo. A comparison of the travels of both Battuta and Polo show that both men came in contact with great leaders of Eurasia which shaped their travels and lead them to seek control and obtain control over the Mongolian empire now known as China inShow MoreRelatedExplorers And Voyagers Written Presentation972 Words   |  4 Pagesemploys the technique of classical comparison in order to help its readers understand the events in the court of the great Khans at Karakorum. However, despite the great achievements in his work, Rubruck is far less a figure of study in modern day academic study. But this should not be the case. Comparison with his contemporaries and analysing historiographical trends, is going to prove the Rubruck is far a more reliable source than that of Longjumeau, Carpine and Marco Polo, and should be treated as suchRead MoreThe Impact of Expectations Upon Marco Polo and Hernan Cortes2059 Words   |  9 Pages Human history is filled with the names of bold explorers who ventured into the great unknown, only to come out basked in glory as some of the great heroes of their day. Among the grandest are Marco Polo, who provided little known information about the Far East to Europeans, and Hernan Cortes, the great Spanish conquistador who is given credit for the defeat of the Mexica Empire. These two famous explorers are also ideal case studies to analyze the influence of expectations, interestsRead Morepersuasive message777 Words   |  4 Pagesyear, I believe it would behoove us create our new device and let the public know that it’s coming and it’s going to be amazing! The Iphone 6 has made such a tremendous effect this year but the applications and capabilities of the 7 will hold no comparison. I have attached a video that will demonstrate what we at Apple have been working on for the new 7, and detail all its fascinating features. I see no reason why the product would fail since Apple still led the market with 40.6% market shares last Read MoreEntrepreneurship Is An Integral Part Of Our Economy1765 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestors for startup capital, and this has always been this way. In the thirteenth century, Marco Polo, the famous explorer, wanted to trade with Asia, but wasn’t sure how to get the materials he wanted to trade there, so he asked financiers in Venice to let him use their money with the promise that he would then return their money and share his profits with them. This idea of investment and return made Marco Polo one of the first known entrepreneurs whose ideas of business spread throughout Europe andRead MoreEntrepreneurship Is An Integral Part Of Our Economy1758 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestors for startup capital, and this has always been this way. In the thirteenth century Marco Polo, the famous explorer, wanted to trade with Asia but wasn’t sure how to get the materials he wanted to trade there, so he asked financiers in Venice to let him use their money with the promise that h e would then return their money and share his profits with them. This idea of investment and return made Marco Polo one of the first known entrepreneurs whose ideas of business spread throughout Europe andRead MoreWhy did the Great Divergence Occur1384 Words   |  6 Pagescurrency and the printing of literature. China also saw the innovation of printing by paving the way towards other inventions such as wallpaper, tissue paper, toilet paper and certain articles of clothing. Many of these inventions were recognised by Marco Polo, who spread the innovations in Europe. These items, along with tea, silk, and porcelain, were some of the vast array of inventions supplied by China, showcasing it as a prime country of innovation prior to the Great Divergence. Moreover, tracesRead MoreHotel Thesis6924 Words   |  28 PagesEmployed / Member State 20000 16000 12000 8000 4000 0 04 01 99 00 02 03 20 05 20 20 Year EU27 EU25 19 20 20 Year Czeck Republic Spain United Kingdom Germany France Source: Eurostat.eu 2008 Also, in comparison to the USA and Japan, the European Hotels and restaurant sector has experienced the highest growth in terms of employment in the recent years. Within Europe; the UK, Spain, and Germany are the most important member states regarding employment inRead MoreComponents Of A Computer Based Information System1455 Words   |  6 Pagessee how their health systems compare with the American system (the US is the only developed nation on earth without universal health care). He visited doctors, hospitals, and health ministries. In a TV interview on ABC, Reid was described as a â€Å"Marco Polo† looking at health care around the world. Reid said he set out on his global reporting journey to answer a simple question: â€Å"How come the other advanced industrialized free market countries offer universal health care at half the cost? â€Å"He thenRead MoreThe Elastic War Machine : The Revolutionary War1647 Words   |  7 Pages the horses themselves should be of note to any who thinks of a tall, sleek, Arabian stallion flying across the steppe. What is now the domestic horse, is not what the Mongols rode. The horses of the Asian steppe were short legged and stocky in comparison to today’s horses. They were strong, agile, and could cover longer distances, and traverse more rugged terrain than European horses. In form they would look closer to a donkey or a large version of the modern â€Å"miniature horse.† The horse isn’tRead MoreThe Spread and Localization of Buddhism and Islam into Southeast Asia1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmerchants as Sufis brought about the localization of Islamic organisations for Islamic teachings which would appeal to locals and their rulers for valuable networks (Johnston 2002, 291). This presence of Islam was recorded by Moroccan traveller Marco Polo in the late 13th century which indicated the advancement of Islam localisation where citizens of Perlak, Sumatra and the Pasai king, Sultan Al-Malikus Saleh were already converted as Muslims (Mutalib 2008, 5). Similar to the spread of Buddhism

Was female rule unacceptable in early modern Europe Free Essays

This narrative will be investigating the political and royal policies of early modern Europe and it’s reasoning behind preferring (and insisting) that only male royal blood lines should maintain the throne. I shall be researching how Queen Elizabeth 1st was able to take the throne as a single female, as well as (despite never being able to take the throne herself) the years that her sons ruled is now known as the ‘age of Catherine De Medici’. It will be necessary to look at religious opinions and political laws, as well as literary opinions from the 16th and early 17th century (in some cases earlier) across early modern Europe, England and Scotland, regarding women and their place in society and how that relates to women in positions of power Early modern Europe was segregated by extreme religious fault lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Was female rule unacceptable in early modern Europe? or any similar topic only for you Order Now With England, Scotland, Germany, The Netherlands and France fighting (both politically and literally) for superioty of their chosen religion, these were; Calvinism, Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, with a small minority of Anglican followers also. The majority of Spain, Portugal and Italy remained virtually wholly Roman Catholic, which lead to many wars and disputes with bordering nations. The Royal policy of the time was to use marriage to cement literal boarders between neighbouring countries in an effort to create great nations, and also to make intangible connections that cemented power between nations creating beneficial alliances. Political and social opinion of women at the time was largely due to the writings of St. Paul in the New Testament regarding Adam and Eve, and how Eve carried out the first human sin, disobeyed God and tempted Adam with the apple. This therefore made Eve responsible for the fall of mankind, and left women being seen as the source of all evil and sin. Coupling this with Aristotle’s premise that a woman was an inferior version of the perfect male form, meant that the opinion of women was not something to be fought against, it was simply irrefutable fact. Because of this, religious political and social opinion of women in early modern Europe, women were only seen as valuable for their usefulness in connecting families through marriage or continuing family legacies through childbirth. Therefore families could effectively marry their daughters off like chattel. Women in early modern Europe were seen as feeble and weak minded, unable to be decision makers, and think for themselves. They (women) by religious opinion were created by God for man. Therefore giving man the right to rule them. As Martin Luther put so plainly; ‘Women are created for no other purpose than to serve men and be their helpers. If women grow weary or even die while bearing children, that doesn’t harm anything. Let them bear children to death; they are created for that. ‘ Even women in positions of power were aware that they were not comparable to men. As Queen Elizabeth recognised, ‘I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King’1 Queen Elizabeth the first, was arguably one of the most famous female rulers in our history, yet her road to power was a difficult one. Elizabeth’s rule while she was alive, and even after her death, has been shadowed by questions regarding the legitamacy of her right to the throne. The Catholic populace never fully accepted her, as her father Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to divorce his first wife: Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth’s mother). However Henry VIII and Catherine (his first wife) had a daughter Mary, Henry VIII went on to have Elizabeth with his second wife and a son: Edward with Jane Seymour his 3rd wife, and despite Catholic beliefs regarding divorce, (which made Elizabeth illegitimate, but not Mary or Edward) the only surety was that Henry’s male heir was going to take the throne first. After Edward took the crown Mary was to follow closely succeeded by Elizabeth. The only other candidate that could possibly take a rightful place over Elizabeth was Mary Stuart, who was currently Queen of Scotland and Queen of France (by marriage), and with the ever looming threat of a two-pronged assault on England by the French and the Scottish, Elizabeth became the necessary and logical choice as the English people were at the time seen to be more ‘nationalistic than catholic’ (and an exceptional ruler she went on to be), managing to influence both Roman Catholic’s and Protestant’s into a compromise, which arguably stopped England from falling into a religious war, as was the case in France. But it also conveyed to her public that she was able to accept both faiths and allow them to coexist in the efforts of peace, a feat that had not been accomplished so logically or peacefully by her male predecessor’s. France was plagued by its own political difficulties and religious disputes, and having a female singularly ruling was intolerable to them, and with the medieval ‘Salic Law’ still in force (of which some of its policies are still in use today) the French were able to regulate who took to the throne and who maintained power. Salic law was clear, however; it decreed a purely French solution. (Elsewhere, in countries where Salic law did not apply – Scotland, England, Spain†¦ women undoubtedly had the right to succeed to the crown, although their rights in other areas were very limited. )2 As Queen Elizabeth found herself when trying to deal with her Generals and war strategists, many of whom ignored her input refusing to consider that she would have any useful insights into battle planning. Salic law was particularly relevant to Catherine De Medici, as it kept her from the throne after the death of her husband. Catherine then put her sons on throne, where she was virtually able to rule by defacto for many years, due to her sheer iron will and the strong maternal hold she had over her sons – even when her son Francis II died, his wife Queen Mary (Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots) fled back to Scotland rather than be dominated by her mother-in-law. Even with Queen Elizabeth being in power in England, and Catherine De Medici’s virtual rule in France there were still many who felt that female rule was unlawful. But this started a debate in the early 16th century as to whether female’s born of Royal blood and extensively educated were able to overcome the short fallings of their gender. Were Queen Elizabeth and her sister Queen Mary, as well as Mary Queen of Scots and Catherine De Medici able to break these notions and change history? To conclude as to whether women were acceptable Queens able to fully rule, the answer is clearly no. Female rule in early modern Europe was unacceptable. Men did see women as more feeble, both physically and mentally, and assumed that they were automatically superior. Women were nothing more than the child bearers, a point exemplified by marriages that were able to be absolved if no children were born (regardless of religion). It would appear that one of the factors of fearing female rule would be felt by the current King preparing to hand power to his daughter, the King (from any nation) would be aware that opinion of females was poor, and that the new ‘queen’ would need to take a husband to guide and assist her. Which then leads to the question of whom should marry the future queen? Her right to power would automatically revert to her husband – very probably a Prince or King from another nation, which would leave the current King to foresee the fall of his Kingdom to a foreign land. France kept with the extremely old salic law, that was first made policy in medieval time’s to make sure that only males of French blood from royal lines could ascend to the throne. But it would seem as was the case across Europe and England that Salic law, and English/Catholic opinion and preference on female rule only counted if it suited. If the alternative ruler was unpalatable (for instance Mary Queen of Scots) then the nobles and governments would find alternative methods to crown their ruler of choice. The debate of female rule was never about what was best for France, England or whomever, but quite plainly about those in power keeping that position for as long as possible at whatever the cost. Historic and modern literature written about Queen Elizabeth I, Catherine De Medici, Queen Mary I and Mary Queen of Scots can paint a picture of a very manipulative, autocratic and sometimes capricious class of Queen, but with the severe adversities they faced I feel that as independents they were utilizing their femininity, as well as their individual strong wills and education to keep a firm control. These famous rulers from our history did bring about change, and they forever altered the face of Royalty as well as assisting (even if only selectively) the view of women across the world. How to cite Was female rule unacceptable in early modern Europe?, Papers

Othello Paper Essays - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio, Roderigo

Othello Paper Othello, the Moor of Venice December 13, 1999 Iago (Othello's ensign) uses love against Othello (general of the Venetian army) to cause him to experience jealousy. He not only utilizes the Moor's love for Desdemona, but also his love for Iago and their friendship ?My lord, you know I love you(1.3.117) Funny enough, Iago gives warning to Othello of the very negative emotion that he hopes to inflict upon him! (1.3.166).?Oh beware, my lord, of jealousy; it is the green-ey'd monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on The first time that Iago's plan is seen is (3.3.33). Iago: ?Ha! I like not that!? Othello: What dost thou say Iago: ?Nothing my lord: or if-Know not what. Othello: Was not that Cassio parted from my wife Iago: Cassio, my lord! No, sure, I cannot think it, that would steal away so guilty-like, seeing you coming. He continues his manipulating of his friend (3.3.95). Iago: ?Did Michael Cassio, when you woo'd my lady, know of your love Othello: ?He did, from first too last: why dost thou ask Iago: ?But for a satisfaction of my thought; no further harm.? Othello: ?Why of thy thought, Iago Iago: ?I did not think he had been aquatinted with her.? Othello: ? O, yes; and went between us very oft.? See how he makes it almost seem as though Othello discovered this out on his own and Iago seems as a mere friend when the find is made. Iago's true nature is seen at this point. Iago refers to himself as a devil, but to say that he is bad because he is bad doesn't explain why he is repeatedly explains himself to himself. Your honest friend is one who is always there for you and who will always tell you the truth. Iago has a reputation for honesty and uses it for dishonest purposes. His nature is ugly in the way that compares others to animals, especially when referring to their sexuality. Othello is a military man who is often looked at with respect in this category. However, when taken away from the military eye where he offers so much safety, he is constantly mentioned by his color in a degrading way. Brabantio, Desdemona's father uses ?Moor? as a derogatory name for Othello, but Othello is called other things, including ?my lord? and ?general?. After the first two scenes of the play, Othello's color is rarely mentioned, so we may forget that when the play is seen Othello's blackness always makes him different from everyone else. Reference to him as ?the M oor? emphasized that difference, but it is emphasized in other ways, as well. He is strong and firm in character but also has a loving side where Desdemona ( Othello's wife, Brabantio's daughter) comes into play. He came from a loving mother and father which was mentioned in the importance of ?the handkerchief? In Shakespeare's time obedience was though to be one of a woman's primary values, and Desdemona thinks herself to be as obedient, but as in the case with her father, she seems to have her own interpretation of what that means. She is beautiful, both in body and spirit. It's not something she mentions, or even seems to be aware of, buy it affects how others treat her and think of her. Desdemona spends much of her time making a case, for herself, for Cassio, and finally for Othello. Iago's devilish character is seen throughout the play. Towards the end of scene two in which Iago brings about Cassio's downfall, he persuades Cassio to appeal to Desdemona, and plans to make Othello believe that Caossio and Desdemona are having an affair. Then he says, ?By the mass, ?tis morning;?Pleasure and action make the hours seem short? (2.3.378-379). In other words, he's been having so much fun during his busy night, so the time has just flown by. In the last scene of the play, after Iago's treachery has been proven, Othello says to Lodovico, ? Will you, I pray, demand that demi-devil?Why he hath thus ensnared my soul and body? (5.2.300-302). Iago's reply is famous. He says, ?Demand me nothing: what you know , you know:?From this time forth I never will speak word.?